Resumen
La Uganda rural presenta un déficit de 2,4 millones de viviendas en un contexto de rápido crecimiento demográfico, y quienes desean construir una vivienda suelen poder optar entre sistemas vernáculos de tierra y sistemas industriales importados. La literatura existente demuestra la superioridad térmica de la construcción con tierra frente a las alternativas industriales, pero pocos estudios cuantifican simultáneamente el comportamiento físico y los costes del ciclo de vida a partir de datos empíricos. Este estudio aborda esta cuestión mediante la construcción de tres prototipos en Kalongo, Uganda: uno de entramado y barro, otro de tapial y un tercero de bloques de tierra estabilizada y encajables (ISSB). Las temperaturas interiores se registraron durante 70 días y se evaluaron de acuerdo con el Modelo Adaptativo de Confort de ASHRAE 55. Paralelamente, se realizaron estimaciones detalladas de la inversión inicial y del coste total de propiedad. El entramado y barro presentó el mayor grado de cumplimiento de los parámetros de confort térmico, con un 68,8 %, seguido del tapial (62,3 %) y los ISSB (59,7 %). El tapial requiere la menor inversión inicial, mientras que el menor coste de mantenimiento de los ISSB compensa su mayor inversión inicial, lo que refleja una “prima de previsibilidad” asociada a la construcción industrial.
Citas
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